Is the UK once again the sick man of Europe?

The phrase “sick man of Europe” has a long, ignoble history — first applied to the Ottoman Empire to describe the demise of a major economic and political power, later to Britain during stagflation and industrial unrest in the 1970s — and it is now being whispered again in the corridors of Westminster and the City.

With fresh figures showing the UK economy unexpectedly shrinking by 0.1% in September and quarterly growth slowing to just 0.1%, the question is resurfacing: is Britain once again losing its economic momentum?

“Today’s GDP release confirms what recent data has hinted at – the UK economy is struggling to maintain momentum as we head towards year-end,” said Lindsay James, an investment strategist at Quilter.

“Monthly growth has fallen by 0.1%, with August’s figure also downgraded to no growth… This paints a picture of an economy that started 2025 strongly but is now badly losing steam just as the Chancellor prepares for a pivotal Autumn Budget,” he continued.

High borrowing costs and persistently elevated energy bills have squeezed households and firms, while Brexit red tape and policy flip-flops have put a damper on investment.

Abroad, softer European demand and war-related shocks from ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza have pushed up shipping and insurance costs, complicating trade and adding to fears over US tariffs.

Industrial output slipped back into contraction in September, held down in part by the cyber-attack that temporarily shut down Jaguar Land Rover production. Manufacturing surveys point to further weakness, and even the services sector — Britain’s traditional growth engine — has seen downgrades. Business confidence, already fragile, is showing signs of fraying.

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Supporters of the “sick man” label point to several indicators: GDP growth has decelerated each quarter this year, unemployment has edged up to 5% and business investment remains tepid.

“The contraction in September can partly be explained by that debilitating cyber-attack on Jaguar Land Rover,” said Danni Hewson, head of financial analysis at AJ Bell.

“But when you strip out population growth the economy simply stalled over the summer. It’s a long way from the bounce the country enjoyed at the start of the year when many companies were front-loading production in order to beat Donald Trump’s tariffs.”

At the same time, Labour’s Rachel Reeves faces her most delicate test yet. The Chancellor’s forthcoming Budget must balance fiscal restraint with the promise of growth — an equation that has stumped governments for decades.

“Her next move will be critical if she is to recover Labour’s economic growth mission and prevent any whispers of a recession looming,” James warned.

And while inflation has eased and gilt yields on UK government bonds have retreated from January highs — giving the Treasury some breathing space — the prospect of further tax rises still hangs over businesses.

“Uncertainty over potential tax rises and persistent rumours of employers being targeted yet again, such as through an ill thought-out attack on DC pension contributions via salary sacrifice, risks snuffling out fragile business confidence and pushing unemployment markedly higher,” James continued.

That tension between fiscal caution and growth ambition sits at the heart of the debate.

“Growth was held up by this government as a panacea,” Hewson noted. “But the sums never seemed to add up, and the chancellor is now faced with the prospect of breaking manifesto commitments and then trying to foster the confidence needed to deliver growth whilst taking billions out of people’s pockets through tax hikes.”

Still, the “sick man” narrative may be too harsh.

The UK’s slowdown mirrors much of Europe, where Germany is barely growing and Italy has stagnated. Britain’s jobless rate remains below the eurozone average, and inflation — once the worst in the G7 — has cooled faster than expected.

The City’s equity markets have also shown resilience, with investors taking solace in falling bond yields and the prospect of a Bank of England rate cut in December.

“Investors should expect volatility but also remember that UK equities have shown resilience this year, underlining the importance of diversification in uncertain times,” James concluded.

If Reeves cannot rekindle business confidence and steer a steady course between fiscal prudence and economic stimulus, the “sick man” label might soon stick — and this time, the UK has fewer reserves left to draw upon than when it was last described in that way.

According to Hewson at AJ Bell, “[UK Prime Minister Keir] Starmer and Reeves need to dust themselves off and be ready to sell what are expected to be uncomfortable decisions to the country if they want to prevent more months of negative growth.”